Rhinitis in horses can significantly impact their comfort and performance.
In this guide, we’ll walk you through what the equine rhinitis virus is, its symptoms, causes, potential health concerns, treatment options, prevention methods, and more.
What is Rhinitis in Horses?
Rhinitis in horses, in simple terms, refers to inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes. This condition can manifest in various forms, ranging from mild irritation to more severe inflammation.
It can affect horses of all ages and breeds, making it a common health issue encountered by horse owners globally. It should also not be confused with rhinopneumonitis (caused by the Equine Herpes Virus), Equine Influenza, or Equine Pneumonia, as they are all slightly different conditions. However, they can all exist alongside each other in the same horse populations.
Previously considered to be of little clinical significance, recent experiences with equine rhinitis indicates this is not the case at all, and that horses with rhinitis can in fact get very ill from it.
There are 2 types of equine rhinitis virus – A and B. The two are genetically distinct and exhibit distinctive virulence factors and antigenic properties. As clinical expression between the two can overlap, distinguishing between them is important for accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies.
Both variants pose a significant challenge to equine health and require diligent management and prevention measures. In this post, we focus on Type A Rhinitis in horses.
What are the Symptoms of Rhinitis ‘Type A’ in Horses?
Early identification of symptoms of rhinitis in horses can allow early intervention and thus effective management of the condition. Beyond this – recognising the common signs such as nasal discharge and nasal congestion – it also helps to have an understanding of other ways in which rhinitis manifests in horses.
Fever
Elevated body temperature is often present in horses with rhinitis, indicating an inflammatory response to the underlying condition.
Swollen Submandibular Lymph Nodes
Palpation of the submandibular lymph nodes may reveal enlargement and tenderness, indicating the body’s immune response to the nasal inflammation
Nasal Discharge
This symptom is one of the most common and obvious indicators of rhinitis. The discharge may vary in consistency and colour, ranging from clear and watery to thick and pus-like, depending on the underlying cause. Observing the discharge can provide valuable clues about the nature of the rhinitis and guide treatment decisions accordingly.
Nasal Congestion
Horses with rhinitis may struggle to breathe due to congestion and inflammation of the nasal passages. This nasal congestion is typically noticeable as audible breathing sounds, increased respiratory rate, flared nostrils, and visible discomfort during respiration. This is potentially serious because horses are what we call ‘obligate nasal breathers’. This means their anatomy only allows them to breath through their nostrils.
Ocular Discharge
Concurrent eye discharge may occur in some cases of rhinitis, indicating potential involvement of the upper respiratory tract.
Sneezing and Coughing
Rhinitis often irritates the respiratory tract, leading to bouts of sneezing and coughing in affected horses. These reflex actions are their body attempting to expel irritants and clear their airways so are an indication of ongoing inflammation and nasal irritation. The cough is often dry.
Reduced Appetite and Performance
Rhinitis can significantly impact a horse’s overall health and wellbeing, resulting in decreased appetite and performance. Discomfort associated with nasal congestion and difficulty breathing may lead to reluctance to eat and reduced energy levels during exercise or work. This can result in anorexia.
Swelling and Redness
In severe cases of rhinitis, the nasal mucous membranes may appear swollen and red upon visual inspection. This visible inflammation highlights the extent of nasal irritation and underscores the urgency of addressing the underlying cause.
Occasional Lower Leg Swelling
Some horses with rhinitis may exhibit swelling in their lower legs, possibly due to systemic inflammation or reduced circulation secondary to the respiratory distress.
What Causes Rhinitis In Horses?
Understanding the underlying reasons behind rhinitis development is crucial for effective prevention and management. Factors such as poor stable hygiene leading to increased dust and ammonia levels, inadequate ventilation in barns, exposure to allergens during turnout, and proximity to infected horses can contribute to the onset of rhinitis.
Allergens
Exposure to allergens such as dust, pollen, mould, and specific types of feed can trigger allergic rhinitis in susceptible horses. Understanding the horse’s individual sensitivities and minimising exposure to known allergens are crucial for managing allergic rhinitis effectively.
Infectious Agents
Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can infect the nasal passages, leading to infectious rhinitis. Equine rhinitis viruses (A and B) and Streptococcus equi are among the common pathogens implicated in infectious rhinitis. Prompt diagnosis and targeted treatment are essential for controlling the spread of infection and preventing complications.
Environmental Factors
Poor stable ventilation, overcrowding, and inadequate hygiene practices can create an environment conducive to the development of rhinitis in horses. Addressing these environmental factors through improved stable management and hygiene protocols can help reduce the risk of rhinitis outbreaks.
Foreign Bodies
Inhalation of foreign objects such as grass seeds or dust particles can irritate the nasal mucosa, leading to inflammation and rhinitis. Thorough examination and removal of foreign bodies is required to alleviate nasal irritation and prevent secondary complications.
Dental Issues
Dental problems such as sharp enamel points or dental abscesses can cause secondary rhinitis due to involvement of the nasal sinuses. Regular dental examinations and preventive dental care are essential for maintaining oral health and minimising the risk of rhinitis associated with dental issues.
What Are The Primary Health Concerns Associated With Rhinitis in Horses -Type A?
The health implications of rhinitis Type A can easily extend beyond respiratory discomfort. Chronic inflammation in the nasal passages can lead to structural damage, compromising the horse’s ability to breathe efficiently, and increasing the risk of respiratory infections and other complications. Furthermore, untreated rhinitis can negatively impact the horse’s overall health and performance, highlighting the importance of timely intervention and proactive management strategies.
Respiratory Compromise
Severe inflammation of the nasal passages can obstruct airflow, leading to respiratory distress and compromised lung function. Monitoring respiratory rate and effort, as well as conducting thorough respiratory examinations, are crucial for identifying signs of respiratory compromise and initiating appropriate interventions.
Secondary Infections
Prolonged inflammation and nasal discharge can predispose horses to secondary bacterial or fungal infections. Close monitoring of nasal discharge characteristics and prompt veterinary intervention are essential for diagnosing and treating secondary infections effectively.
Performance Issues
Rhinitis can significantly impact a horse’s performance due to decreased respiratory efficiency and overall discomfort. Assessing changes in performance, such as reduced stamina or reluctance to work, can provide valuable insights into the severity of rhinitis and its impact on the horse’s athletic ability.
Sinus Involvement
Chronic rhinitis can extend into the paranasal sinuses, causing sinusitis and further complicating the condition. Diagnostic imaging techniques, such as radiography or endoscopy, may be necessary to evaluate sinus involvement and guide treatment decisions.
Spread of Infection
Infectious rhinitis can spread rapidly among horses in close proximity so is a significant concern in multi-horse environments. Implementing strict biosecurity measures and isolating affected horses can help prevent the spread of infectious rhinitis and minimise the risk of outbreaks.
How do you Treat Rhinitis in Horses
Treatment protocols for rhinitis focus on alleviating symptoms, addressing underlying causes, and promoting respiratory health. This involves veterinary consultation, diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis of rhinitis and identify the specific cause, symptomatic relief through medications such as anti-inflammatories or decongestants, supportive care including proper stable management and environmental modifications. In severe cases, surgical intervention to correct anatomical abnormalities or remove obstructions may be necessary.
Symptomatic Relief
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and nasal decongestants may provide relief from inflammation and nasal congestion, improving the horse’s comfort and respiratory function.
Antibiotic Therapy
In cases of bacterial rhinitis or secondary infections, antibiotics may be prescribed to target the underlying pathogens and prevent the spread of infection. Selecting appropriate antibiotics based on susceptibility testing is essential for achieving successful treatment outcomes.
Antifungal Medications
Fungal rhinitis requires treatment with antifungal medications to eradicate the fungal infection and prevent recurrence. Topical antifungal preparations may be administered directly into the nasal passages for targeted treatment.
Environmental Management
Improving stable ventilation, reducing dust exposure, and maintaining good stable hygiene are essential for minimising environmental triggers and preventing rhinitis outbreaks. Regular cleaning and disinfection of stables, as well as proper storage of feed and bedding, can help create a healthy living environment for horses.
Supportive Care
Providing supportive care measures, such as steam inhalation, warm compresses, and humidification, can help soothe nasal irritation and promote healing. Steam inhalation therapy using a nebuliser or steam tent can help moisturise the nasal passages and loosen respiratory secretions, making it easier for horses to breathe comfortably.
How Do You Stop A Horse From Getting Rhinitis?
Preventing rhinitis in horses requires a multi-faceted approach aimed at minimizing exposure to potential triggers and maintaining optimal respiratory health.
Here are some practical tips to prevent rhinitis:
Stable Management
Implement good stable management practices, including regular mucking out, adequate ventilation, and proper feed storage to reduce dust exposure.
Environmental Improvements
Provide horses with a clean and dust-free environment, including high-quality bedding and well-maintained turnout areas.
Minimise Allergen Exposure
Minimise exposure to allergens by soaking hay before feeding, using low-dust bedding options, and avoiding dusty environments during exercise.
Vaccinate
Vaccinate horses against common respiratory pathogens, including equine influenza and rhinopneumonitis, to reduce the risk of infectious rhinitis.
Monitor and Manage
Monitor horses closely for signs of respiratory illness and seek prompt veterinary attention if symptoms develop.
Myths And Misconceptions About Rhinitis
Rhinitis in horses is often surrounded by myths and misconceptions. Let’s debunk some of the most prevalent ones:
Myth: Rhinitis is solely caused by cold weather.
Fact: While cold weather can exacerbate respiratory issues, rhinitis can occur year-round and is influenced by various factors, including allergens and infectious agents.
Myth: All nasal discharge in horses is indicative of rhinitis.
Fact: While nasal discharge is a common symptom of rhinitis, it can also be caused by other respiratory conditions or nasal irritation.
Myth: Treating rhinitis with antibiotics is always necessary.
Fact: Antibiotics are only indicated for bacterial rhinitis or secondary infections. Using antibiotics indiscriminately can contribute to antibiotic resistance and should be avoided without a veterinary diagnosis.
Frequently Asked Questions About Rhinitis in Horses
How do you treat Rhinopneumonitis in horses?
See our comprehensive discussion on this topic above.
What is equine rhinitis virus A and B?
Equine rhinitis virus (ERV) is a contagious respiratory virus that affects horses, with ERV-A and ERV-B being two distinct strains. Both cause similar respiratory symptoms but ERV Type B is typically milder respiratory.
How is rhinovirus treated in horses?
Rhinovirus infections in horses are typically managed symptomatically with supportive care, including rest, hydration, and NSAIDs to alleviate fever and discomfort. In severe cases, veterinary intervention may be required to manage complications such as secondary bacterial infections.
What are the respiratory viruses in horses?
Respiratory viruses commonly affecting horses include equine influenza virus, equine herpesvirus (EHV), equine rhinitis virus (ERV), and equine arteritis virus (EAV). These viruses can cause a range of respiratory symptoms, from mild nasal discharge to severe respiratory distress.
How do you tell if a horse has a respiratory infection?
Signs of respiratory infection in horses may include nasal discharge, coughing, fever, lethargy, reduced appetite, and laboured breathing. A veterinarian can perform diagnostic tests, such as nasal swabs or blood tests, to confirm the presence of an infection.
What are the symptoms of equine rhinitis virus?
Equine rhinitis virus (ERV) typically causes mild respiratory symptoms in affected horses, including nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing, and fever. In some cases, horses may also experience lethargy and reduced appetite.
How long does it take for a horse to recover from a respiratory infection?
The recovery time for a respiratory infection in horses varies depending on the specific pathogen involved, the severity of the illness, and the effectiveness of treatment. Mild respiratory infections may resolve within a week or two with proper care, while more severe cases may require several weeks or longer for full recovery.
How can I help my horse with respiratory problems?
Providing your horse with a clean and well-ventilated environment, minimizing exposure to allergens and respiratory irritants, and maintaining a healthy diet and exercise regimen can help support respiratory health. Consult with your veterinarian for specific management strategies tailored to your horse’s needs.
What is the best antibiotic for upper respiratory infection in horses?
The choice of antibiotic for treating upper respiratory infections in horses depends on the suspected or identified pathogens and their sensitivity to different antibiotics. Your veterinarian will prescribe the most appropriate antibiotic based on diagnostic test results and clinical assessment.
Final Thoughts About Rhinitis Or ERV Type A
Rhinitis is a common respiratory condition in horses that can significantly impact their wellbeing and performance. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for rhinitis, horse owners can take proactive measures to prevent and manage this condition effectively. Regular veterinary care, good stable management practices, and environmental modifications play key roles in promoting the respiratory health and overall wellbeing of horses. If you suspect your horse may be suffering from rhinitis or any other respiratory issue, don’t hesitate to seek veterinary advice for proper diagnosis and treatment.
