The Different Types of Horse Bits and their Functions
Part 3 in our 3 part series about horse bits
This article in our 3 part series focuses on how to choose the right horse bit.
We have discussed the different types of horse bits mouthpieces in another article. We’ve also discussed the various parts of a bit in yet another article.
Each horse bit is designed to perform a different role in communicating with a horse, or to address various types of behaviours.
Snaffle Bit
Dating back to when horses were used for chariot racing, snaffle bits are the oldest, simplest and most common bits you’ll see, and are referred to as direct action bits. A snaffle bit consists of a mouthpiece (jointed or solid) with a fixed cheek piece and bit ring on either end. The one exception is the loose ring snaffle, which doesn’t have cheek pieces. Rather, the rings sit in holes at either end of the mouthpiece and can rotate around through the holes.
Some cheek pieces are integrated into the bit ring via flush swivel joints (D-ring and Eggbutt) whilst others are separate distinctive ‘arms’ that extend above and below the mouthpiece (FM, full cheek).
With a snaffle bit, the reins and the cheek straps on the bridle (with very few exceptions i.e. the Baucher) attach directly to the bit rings, mostly in a way that allows them to rotate freely around the rings in response to changes in bit and head position. These bits therefore apply direct pressure (hence why they are called ‘direct action’ bits) via the rings to the corners of the mouth. This makes them ideal bits for beginners, young horses, and most pleasure and ordinary riding activities.
Different types of Snaffle bits
There are many different types of snaffle bits because the mouthpiece and the cheek pieces can vary (single jointed, double jointed, Dr Bristol, mullen mouth, straight bar etc) but what makes it a snaffle bit is the attachment of the cheek pieces and reins directly to the bit rings.
Some snaffle bits always have a particular type of mouthpiece and get their name from that mouthpiece – the Waterford, single-jointed, and French link or double-jointed snaffle bits are cases in point. Other snaffle bits get their name from the types of cheek pieces and bit rings used rather than the mouthpiece, which may be jointed or solid – full cheek, FMs, loose rings, D-ring, Eggbutt etc are common examples of these types of snaffle bits.
Curb Bit
Although curb bits use many of the same types of mouthpieces as snaffles, the difference is that a curb bit is classed as a ‘leverage bit’ because it has…
A ‘hanging cheek’ arrangement for the bridle cheek straps above the mouthpiece,
Shanked cheek pieces below the mouthpiece with loops for the reins that produce leverage, and
A chain that goes under the jaw.
The reins and cheek straps are attached to loops in the shanks in a way that applies leverage and pressure on the horse’s mouth and poll. Curb bits are typically used with a single set of reins (in a leverage position).
Curb bits require skilled hands and are best left to riders who know how to use them correctly. They’re more commonly used for advanced riding and performance disciplines.
Pelham Bit
The Pelham bit is also leverage bit with a ‘hanging cheek’ attachment for the bridle’s cheek straps but combines features of both the snaffle and curb bits. Like those bits, Pelhams can have a jointed, mullen mouth, straight bar, ported mouth etc mouthpiece.
Pelhams though have a ring (like a snaffle bit) with a shank or extended cheek piece (like a curb bit) on each side and loops for two sets of reins. One set of reins is usually attached to the rings in the snaffle bit position. The second set is attached in a curb bit or leverage position. This allows riders to apply varying degrees of pressure for different responses. It usually has a curb chain under the chin as well.
Once again, pelhams are better suited for experienced riders and horses.
Gag Bit
Gag bits are designed to apply simultaneous pressure to both the poll and the mouth to increase your control, and help raise and lower the horse’s head.
As a general rule – when a bridle’s cheek straps are attached ABOVE the mouthpiece of a bit (as opposed to being attached directly to the bit rings in a way that allows the ring to move freely), it will apply pressure to the poll when the reins are pulled (and cause the horse to lower its head). Where the reins are attached then dictates how much pressure is applied to both the poll and the mouth.
When they are attached directly to the bit rings (snaffle position), the effect on the mouth is similar to that of an ordinary snaffle plus some slight poll pressure.
If they are attached to an extension BELOW the mouthpiece, the result is a leverage action to the horse’s mouth that should raise the head whilst at the same time putting pressure on the poll.
When to use a Gag bit
Gag bits are generally used with 2 sets of reins – one set attached in the snaffle position and the other set attached to one of the leverage positions – so the rider can apply each type of pressure as appropriate. Further, although they are ‘related’ to the pelham, gags don’t have a curb chain.
As a training tool, they are commonly used for horses that tend to lean on the bit or lack responsiveness. In performance, you may see them in show jumping, cross country, and polo/polo cross.
Gags are not a good bit for heavy-handed riders as they can be severe in the ‘wrong hands’ i.e. a heavy-handed rider! Gags can be used by novice riders in certain circumstances but only under the supervision of a knowledgeable instructor.
Note: When choosing a bit for your horse, consider their individual needs, level of training, and discipline. Seek professional advice if unsure, and prioritise your horse’s wellbeing and comfort throughout the process.
Frequently Asked Questions about How to Choose the Right Horse Bit
How do I choose the right bit for my horse?
Consider your horse’s level of training, sensitivity, and mouth conformation. Seek advice from an experienced trainer or equine professional.
Are snaffle bits always the best choice for beginner riders?
Snaffle bits are generally more forgiving, but suitability depends on the horse’s training and response. Consult with a trainer to find the best fit.
My horse seems resistant to the bit. What should I do?
Check for any dental issues or mouth discomfort. Consider trying different bits or consulting an equine dentist or veterinarian.
Can I use a bitless bridle instead of a traditional bit?
Yes, bitless bridles can be a suitable alternative for some horses. However, proper training and understanding of their function are essential.
My horse is strong and pulls on the reins. Which bit is best?
A Pelham bit or a gag bit can provide additional control for strong horses. These should be used with caution and skill.
Are all curb bits harsh for the horse?
Curb bits can be mild or severe depending on the design and rider’s hands. Seek professional guidance to select a suitable curb bit.
Should I consider a bit with copper or other mouthpiece materials?
Copper mouthpieces can encourage salivation and relaxation, but the choice depends on your horse’s preference and sensitivity.
Can I use the same bit for different riding disciplines?
Some bits can be versatile. It’s essential to consider the specific needs and demands of each discipline to ensure proper communication.
How do I know if the bit fits correctly in my horse’s mouth?
The bit should have a small amount of wriggle room on both sides of the mouth without pinching. Seek assistance from an expert if unsure.
Are bitless bridles gentler than traditional bits?
Bitless bridles can be gentler, but it depends on the horse’s preferences and training. Always use any equipment with proper education and care.
Key Takeaways About How To Choose The Right Horse Bit
Seek professional advice if you are unsure about how to choose the right horse bit for your horse.
You need to consider your horse’s needs, level of training, and discipline when choosing a bit. Always prioritise your horse’s wellbeing and partnership throughout the process.
With the right horse bit, you can foster a stronger connection and a more enjoyable riding experience.
